Corruption in Ken Keseys One Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest :: One Flew Over Cuckoos Nest

Corruption in One Flew all over The Cuckoos Nest     As Lord Acton put it in a letter to Bishop Mandell Creighton, Power tends to corrupt, and absolute power corrupts absolutely. Great men are almost always bad men. This is the truth that is evident both in Ken Kesey track record One Flew Over The Cuckoos Nest. His main characters carry Ratched and Randal McMurphy are in a subtle underground war against each others accumulating power, and corruptness. This idea of great men creation bad men is evident in Keseys book, my experiences, and society in general.   Ken Kesey appears to show disgust for people of power in his book One Flew Over The Cuckoos Nest. Throughout the novel, Nurse Ratched, the lady within whom lays all the power of the staff in a mental institution, frequently sends people who she has behavioral problems with off to the queasy wing, like she did Maxwell Taber. It is there that they experience the pain of either electroshock therapy, or a full frontal lobotomy. Nurse Ratched uses this and her natural dominance to liven up fear in her patients. She tends to agree with old school of thought that a healthy dose of fear makes people easier to control. Thus she was able to easily putdown every uprising against her totalitarian rule before Randle McMurphy. Nurse Ratched tries to use the power that has been given to her as head nurse to change the patients as she sees fit. As Bromden puts it, work alongside others... she is a veteran of adjusting things (p. 30). But to do this she has created a living hell for them. McMurphy, wizard of the rare man that dares to vocalize his opinion, shows his negative sentiment towards Nurse Ratched when he tells Harding, Hell with that shes a bitch a ball cutter... (p. 58). The entire ward can see how power has corrupted Nurse Ratched into the pseudo-megalomaniac/sadist she now is.   I agree with Keseys view of power. I once had a teacher who would grade harder for people he didnt like. As a result if he disliked one of his students, they were guaranteed a C or lower. His abuse of power went unchecked and unchallenged due to his seniority and the difficulty of proving his crime.

Flowcharting :: GCSE Business Marketing Coursework

FlowchartingA flowchart is a planning tool that uses graphics or symbols to illustrate the steps of a particular process. In a stemma organization flowcharting, also known as logic or flow diagramming, is an invaluable tool for see to iting the inner workings of, and relation- ships between, business processes. (Harrington, 86) There are four basic flowcharts, each having a specific function and they include trap diagrams, ANSI standard flowchart, functional flowchart, and geographical flowchart. Understanding and applying flowcharts usually will improve the quality of a companys product or service.The most common type of flowchart is a block diagram, also known as a block flow diagram. Block diagrams provide a quick overview of a process, not a detailed analysis.Normally they are prepared archetypical to document the magnitude of the process then anothertype of flowchart is used to analyze the process in detail. (Harrington, 92) Block diagrams use elongated circles to fork up the beginning and the end of a flowchart, and all activities in between are represented by rectangles with lines and cursors connecting each activity. Of the four basic flowcharts, the block diagram is the easiest to understand and use.As previously stated, a block diagram is a flowchart that is used as a starting point.Applying the ANSI standard flowchart makes a absolute follow-up flowchart that providesgreater detail using additional symbols. A rectangle is used to point a change of operation. A diamond is used to indicate that a decision is to be made. The movement or transportation of property is indicated by a fat arrow while a slim arrow denotes the movement from one process to another. An elongated circle depicts the beginning and the end of a process. The amount of detail involved with the ANSI standard flowchart accurately depicts the chronological sequence of events of a specific business process.Another type of flowchart is a functional flowchart. A fun ctional flowchart identifies how vertically oriented functional departments sham a process flowing horizontally across an organization. (Harrington 101) For example, the hiring process might begin with a manager realizing the need for another employee so his request would then be submitted to the controller to evaluate the budget. The controller would then ask the personnel department to conduct interviews to search for an employee to hire. Using either standard or block flowchart symbols works effectively with a functional flowchart.

F. Scott Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby - Importance of Money :: Great Gatsby Essays

Gatsbys Money Three works Cited Materialism started to become a main theme of literature in the modernist era. During this time the economy was expert causing jazz to be popular, bootlegging common, and an affair meaning nonhing (Gevaert). This negative view of coin and the gross materialism in F. Scott Fitzgeralds The undischarged Gatsby serves to be a modern theme in the novel. Throughout the novel, the abundant possess a sense of carelessness and believe that money yields happiness. During the whole story, the rich have a sense of carelessness of money and material goods that are usually unobtainable by most. Prime examples of this carelessness are the huge parties that Gatsby throws everybody who is anybody would visualise the party guests arrive at twilight . . . (Fitzgerald 111) and stay until daybreak, and sometimes they come and go without having met Gatsby at all, come for the party with a simplicity of heart that is its own ticket of admission (45). Gatsby puts e normous amounts of money into these parties, even though he does not enjoy them one bit. He, however, continues to have them because he believes happiness can be bought (101), that the glitz and glitter will lastly bring Daisy to love him (Swilley). To Gatsby, he must continue to throw these parties. Gatsby is new money and he has to show off his money and prove to the world that he is rich (Karen). In addition to his elaborate parties, he wears extravagant pink suits with gold ties and drives an eye-catching yellow car. All this he does in order to collide with Daisys attention (Gatsbylvr). In contrast, the opposite is true for Tom. Karen says that Tom is old money and, therefore, does not have to show the world that he has money. Tom does not need Gatsbys flashiness his house is arranged to his liking and he seems to be more conventional -- Tom rides horses as opposed to driving a flashy car (Karen). The idea of money being able to bring happiness is another prevalent modernist t heme found in The Great Gatsby. concord to Sparknotes, Fitzgerald acts as the poster child for this idea. He, himself in his own life, believes this as well. He puts off marrying his wife until he has enough money to support her (SparkNotes). Fitzgeralds hold in to marry his wife and Gatsbys quest to buy Daisys love are parallel (Gatsbylvr).

Poseidon :: essays research papers

Poseidon is a god of many names. He is most famous as the god of the sea. The son of Cronus and Rhea, Poseidon is one of sextette siblings who eventually "divided the power of the world." His brothers and sisters include Hestia, Demeter, Hera, Hades, and Zeus. The division of the universe involved him and his brothers, Zeus and Hades. Poseidon became ruler of the sea, Zeus ruled the sky, and Hades got the underworld. The other divinities attributed to Poseidon involve the god of earthquakes and the god of horses. The symbols associated with Poseidon include dolphins, tridents, and three-pronged fish spears. Poseidon was relied upon by sailors for a safe voyage on the sea. Many men drowned horses in sacrifice of his honor. He lived on the marine floor in a palace made of coral and gems, and drove a chariot pulled by horses. However, Poseidon was a very moody divinity, and his temperament could sometimes result in violence. When he was in a good mood, Poseidon created new l ands in the water and a calm sea. In contrast, when he was in a bad mood, Poseidon would strike the ground with a trident and cause unruly springs and earthquakes, ship wrecks, and drownings. Poseidon was similar to his brother Zeus in exerting his power on women and in objectifying masculinity. He had many love affairs and fathered numerous children. Poseidon once married a Nereid, Amphitrite, and produced Triton who was half-human and half-fish. He also impregnated the Gorgon Medusa to conceive Chrysaor and Pegasus, the flying horse. The rape of Aethra by Poseidon resulted in the birth of Theseus and he turned Caeneus into a man, at her request, after raping her. Another rape involved Amymone when she tried to escape from a satyr and Poseidon salve her. Other offspring of Poseidon include Eumolpus, the Giant Sinis, Polyphemus, Orion, King Amycus, Proteus, Agenor and Belus from Europa, Pelias, and the King of Egypt, Busiris. One of the most notorious love affairs of Poseidon invol ves his sister, Demeter. Poseidon pursued Demeter and to avoid him she turned herself into a mare. In his lust for her, Poseidon transformed himself into a stallion and captured her. Their procreation resulted in a horse, Arion. Poseidon is Greek for "Husband" (possibly of wheat), and therefore it is thought that he and Demeter (goddess of wheat) are a good match because they reign as the god and goddess of fertility.

Mona Lisa’s Smile: Single-sex Education for Girls Essay -- Movies Femi

Mona Lisas Smile Single-sex Education for Girls Men Are from mar - Women Are from Venus, it is the title of a bestseller book, which tells us how different boys and girls are. Single-sex culture was introduced because of the huge differences, and it once flourished in the United States. Since the 1970s, however, it began to be regarded with a degree of suspicion. Many girls schools unappealing or amalgamated and the trend towards co-education continued to spread. Until nowadays, the debate between single-sex education and coeducation still carries on. Single-sex education benefits girls especially, by offering equally rigorous academic opportunities, and constituent them cultivate leadership and greater confidence yet it also creates over-confidence and social problems. Thus a real solution is to offer single-sex classrooms at coed schools, which combines the advantages of both single-sex education and coeducation.The huge differences between boys and girls provide the foundation of single-sex education, and especially for girls, whose potential is not fully nurtured in an elitist male education system. Among a great number of sex differences, girls differ close distinctively from boys in brain and learning style.Many studies demonstrate sex differences in the structure of the brain. According to researchers at Johns Hopkins, the higher connector cortex, the part of the brain thought to be responsible for our most complex boystal operations, is markedly asymmetric in boys but not in girls and in boys, the sweep is larger on the left, whereas to the extent that there was asymmetry in the brain, girls association cortex is larger on the right. ( qtd. in NASSPE 3) . In another study, L. S. Allen and R. A. Gorsk... ...g environment. Meanwhile, they could socialize with computed axial tomography friends at coed schools, which will prepare them for later entering into society much better than had they not interacted with boys at girls schools. Admittedly, th is single-sex classrooms at coed schools education is not perfect, but it makes the most of both single-sex education and coeducation. It might be the future of single-sex education. Works CitedGu, Tong. Telephone interview. 1 December 2004.Grn, Georg et al. Brain activation during human navigation gender-different neural networks as substrate of performance. Nature neuroscience. April 2000, 3(4)404-408.National Association for Single Sex Public Education (NASSPE). Brain Differences. January 2002. .The National Coalition of Girls Schools (NCGS). Benefits of Attending. December 2004. http//www.ncgs.org/type0.php?pid=16.

Mona Lisa’s Smile: Single-sex Education for Girls Essay -- Movies Femi

Mona Lisas Smile Single-sex genteelness for Girls Men Are from Mars - Women Are from Venus, it is the title of a bestseller book, which tells us how different boys and girls are. Single-sex education was introduced because of the huge differences, and it once flourished in the United States. Since the 1970s, however, it began to be regarded with a degree of suspicion. Many girls schools closed or amalgamated and the trend towards co-education continued to spread. Until nowadays, the debate between single-sex education and coeducation lull carries on. Single-sex education benefits girls especially, by offering equally rigorous academic opportunities, and helping them cultivate leadership and greater confidence yet it also creates over-confidence and social problems. so a real solution is to offer single-sex classrooms at coed schools, which combines the advantages of both single-sex education and coeducation.The huge differences between boys and girls provide the foundation of sin gle-sex education, and especially for girls, whose potential is not to the full nurtured in an elitist male education system. Among a great number of gender differences, girls differ most distinctively from boys in brain and learning style.Many studies build sex differences in the structure of the brain. According to researchers at Johns Hopkins, the higher association lens cortex, the part of the brain thought to be responsible for our most complex boystal operations, is markedly asymmetric in boys but not in girls and in boys, the area is larger on the left, whereas to the extent that there was asymmetry in the brain, girls association cortex is larger on the right. ( qtd. in NASSPE 3) . In another study, L. S. Allen and R. A. Gorsk... ...g environment. Meanwhile, they could socialize with guy friends at coed schools, which will prepare them for later entering into society much break than had they not interacted with boys at girls schools. Admittedly, this single-sex classroo ms at coed schools education is not perfect, but it makes the most of both single-sex education and coeducation. It might be the future of single-sex education. Works CitedGu, Tong. Telephone interview. 1 December 2004.Grn, Georg et al. Brain activation during human navigation gender-different neural networks as substrate of performance. Nature neuroscience. April 2000, 3(4)404-408.National Association for Single Sex Public Education (NASSPE). Brain Differences. January 2002. .The National Coalition of Girls Schools (NCGS). Benefits of Attending. December 2004. http//www.ncgs.org/type0.php?pid=16.

Prison Food Chain

Michella Abel ANTH4113-001 10/16/12 Professor Dowell & Hirschfeld Capst ane Anthropology prison house Food Chain The United States has had remedy after reform of their prison ho use up house systems in an attempt to give way them and in hopes of making them non only a punish work motort, moreover a rehabilitating system. The prisons of today ar non what these reforms hoped to achieve, they ar on the whole over populated, dangerous, and under-funded. Gangs imbibe taken over the maculations that wardens atomic number 18 supposed to fill and they rule by survival of the fittest or at least survival of the better connections.In order to achieve the reforms goals, data collected from ethnographic and statistical studies must be put to better use. Prison clumps have depart a long contributing factor to the overcrowding within the prisons due to its positive correlation to repeat offending and high recruitment efforts. The word Penitentiary comes from the Greek word that bureau to be penitent. The reality of what it is like to be in a prison may not be what more or less lot believe it to be. in that respect atomic number 18 different levels in the prison system that offenders, pending on their crime and record, will be as bell ringered to. Marchese,45) Super-max Prisons be for the worst of the worst offenders. Maximum security system houses a variety of violent offenders. Minimum security and halfway houses restrict the comings and goings of the lowest menace threat in the system and help to buzz off an offender ready to re yoke the tabuside world. The prison society is based upon a set of social rules and boundaries built and based upon respect and fear. Each kind of prisoner has a different way of obtaining this respect and attempting to claim the prison food chain.A prisoner that was transferred would need to fight an early(a) prisoner to establish his place among the hierarchy. Prisons be a society unto themselves and protrudesiders ar not welcome as scientists and journalist have discovered. (Fleisher,1989) To be a prisoner and be at the top of the hierarchy has multiple signifi toleratece for that individual, how he got there and how he keeps that position varies from one inmate to the next. E precise inmate at the top of the food chain in the prison system has his or her own story as to how they got where they be, and how long it took them to get there, but he common thread is their gang connections and affixations. The top of the gradable system however atomic number 18 the fight downs. The guards are one of the prisoners only interactions with the outside world that is guaranteed and occurs on a regular basis. The Stanford Experiment in (1971) showed how guards and prisoners interact on the bases of who has the authority and who doesnt. Stanford students played the role of guards and both(prenominal) as prisoners. It didnt take long before the students started to really believe they were guards o r prisoners.The student guards became more exclamatory in their commands, and showed less respect for the students that were prisoners. The student prisoners showed more compliance for the guards and submissive, even thou they were just role playing. The experiment was forced to release all of the participants after the students playing the role of the prisoners started to riot and entrench themselves within the cells. Their efficiency to separate reality from their roles was so greatly diminished they actually started attacking each other(a).thither are theories that this diminishing started when they were all very publically arrested for show, but to them it felt very real. (Zimbardo) Fleisher attempted to study the prison society by becoming a guard at a prison, but soon discovered that even he could not separate himself from the role of a guard, I began to think of myself as a correctional worker I was becoming lost What hacks did was right what convicts did was wrong. (Fleis cher,1989,112) There are federal cases in which inmates claim that guards either go to off the beaten track(predicate) to prevent gang activity or dont do anything at all to hold dear them.Babock vs. White and Doe vvs. Welborn are both eighth amendment violation cases in which the guard knowingly put an inmate in harms way with a gang, but with the overpopulation some do not have an option of where an inmate is housed despite the danger. (Eckhart,61) A prison guard is not a police officer and plentynot arrest anyone. They are babysitters for some of the just about dangerous spate in the world. Prisoners can and do hurt or even kill guards every year however, there have been documented cases of guards whacking and killing prisoners who attack guards.If an inmate gets away with something like killing or attacking a fellow inmate, it was because one or more of the guards protected him. Inmates cannot be prosecuted if the guards do not speak up and turn in the inmate committing the acts. That is a system that gives the guards a great deal of power over the men in their custody. (Marchese,1) Someone looking at a penitentiary from the outside couldnt ever imagine the set of circumstances that an inmate faces the moment they flavor foot behind the gates. The single biggest threat to a new inmate is the gang affiliation and if the guards recognize you as gang member.Gangs are stronger in the prison systems than anywhere on earth. They can quickly tell a new inmate from a repeat by talking to you for a hardly a(prenominal) transactions and by the confidence level the inmate portrays. Then the recruitment begins. If the new inmate wasnt part of a gang on the outside, he is very vulnerable and has to make some fast decisions. He can attempt to remain gang free, which is very dangerous since that means you have no one looking out for you, or you have to join a gang and they choose you, you dont choose them. ( depicted object Geogrpahic,2007) Race is the gang of ch oose in prison.Whites stick together and blacks with blacks and so on. most sections of the prisons facilities are divided up into the race sections for each race. Whites use these three showers and these three stales and so on. White, African American, Mexican, and other(a) (Native American or Asian) are the more commonly used terms when prisoners are dividing the prison into race. If you get rejected from that gang you will not be allowed to join any other white gang, and a prisoner without a gang is typically beaten, raped, or killed by the enemies you acquired while in the gangs.If you fail to join a gang from the start you are more likely to be in danger from your own race. Mostly because they have asked you to join their gang and you have refused. When you have so many dangers threatening you every day of what is now your life, link a race gang and fighting becomes the only way to cover alive in the current prison system. Think about who is in prison. Most inmates are kille rs and rapist and burglars already, so the things that go on in prison isnt new to them, but the ones that are in prison for something non-violent have to share the same space as those who have committed murder and rape.Inmates who are not violent are targets for the life term inmates just because they want to have the power over someone, just as the guards have power over all inmates. The control issues dont stop there. To be in the gang you have to prove yourself to be worthy to be in the gang. Most acts of worth involve you beating someone up, and sometimes killing someone who has disrespected the gang recently. You can move up in the ranks very quickly in the prison gang hierarchy pending on the nature of your sentence. Lifers are known as inmates that will never see the outside world again, meaning they will die in the prison system. They know that a lifer is more likely to kill, then someone who has only a few years to serve. Lifers become some of the most powerful people in t he prison hierarchies because they are more willing to kill you because they will never see freedom anyway. (Yost,2010) incidentally women prisons do not necessarily work the same as men. Many do have gang ties outside of prison, the same gangs as the men, but the connections that make while in prison are tighter than the gangs.They set up family like groups and the longer term inmates adopt children and watch out for them. They do have to dramatise their gang rules while in prison. If fellow gang member is attacked or disrespected you better do something about it. (Yost,2010) The guards will automatically segregate gang members from the world-wide population in small prisons, but the larger prisons are overcrowded and do not have space available to segregate them all. They have everyone from drug addicts with no violent recorded to murders and rapist in the same common areas and cells.Guards in the super-max facilities automatically place gang members in the SHU or credentials H ousing Unit. The super-max facilities are where known gang members and violent inmates are sent because they have been deemed too large of a security threat to be housed in minimum security prisons. The guards will take the tiniest connection of gang affiliation and run with it. (Tachiki,1118) However, these super-max and segregation cells are not doing the job that are meant to do. The leaders of these gangs are able to carry on gang business from within these cells.For example, the Mexican Mafia can extort drug dealers because they pose a threat to the people in system and drug dealers know that are likely to end up in prison and with individuals only in segregation for a few days or weeks at a time notes can be passed containing hit lists. (Skorbek,714) Prison gangs started back in the 1950s with the Gypsy Jokers in working capital State Prison. The Mexican Mafia emerged in 1957 in California and was the first gang to have nationwide ties consisted of Northern California Mexican s.These gangs started out just as a way of protecting themselves from the other races, but they soon started using their numbers and influence to run the black arrangeet within the prisons. The Aryan marriage is a white supremacist gang that started in California in 1967 at San Quentin. The Black Guerilla Family combined all the black rights groups of 1966 in San Quentin. La Nuestra Family was constituted in the 1960s in Californias Soledad for the southern California Mexicans. The Texas Syndicate emerged in 1958 at Deuel Vocation Institute in California to protect the Texan Mexicans and native Texans.The Mexikanemi is the fastes growing established in 1984 and also known as the Texas Mexican Mafia. The Newest gangs universe the Nortenos, The Surenos, and the Crips and Bloods from LA. (Fleisher,2001,1)(Morningstar,1-4) The reasons for joining a gang are many, but all very similar. Individuals join gangs for protection from other gangs or from the gang itself. This situation lend s to the old phrase If you cant beat them join them. There is also the very human variable the need to fit in and feel wanted.Individuals will join a gang because even though it is a bad identicalness it is even so more than what they had before and even though the company is bad and dangerous they feel like they blend in. The rules that the gangs enforce are all slightly different but are based on the same basics and this does supply these individuals with structure that their lacking. The basic rules are continuously bare your allegiance, always respect other members, always protect other members, always support the gang, always obey the gang, secrecy, and the most known blood in, blood out.In other words, you are a gang member for life and the only escape is death and most of the time a young one. (Fleisher,2001,1,3) The process of joining a driveway gang is very different than joining a prison gang. A street gang the individual is mostly likely jumped in and that in tells allow all the members beat up on them for a certain amount of time a few minutes at a time. Whereas a prison gang the individual would be asked to fight a certain individual or a guard. It also might be as simple as smuggling a note out or crafting a leader a shank and hiding it for them.In many cases, they are required to take out a member of a rival gang either by getting them locked up in segregation for a few weeks and hurting their exertion or simply killing them. (National Geographic,2007) The newer gangs are based on more criminal organizations than a true sense of word gang. They are in it for the good and run the black markets. Only 15-20% are hard core members the rest are foot soldiers that are expendable. The reasons for defecting from a gang seems more like a cheesy movie scene where the character is debating between going against their own moral code and killing a child.If they dont kill the mark then they are next on the list and are hunted down. There are a few th at go to the show for protection for deputize for the testimony and witness protection. The most common reason for defecting from a gang is that the individual broke a rule and are scarred of retribution so they go to the state. They either stole gang money/product or they slept with wrong persons wife/girlfriend. (Fleisher,2001,1,3) There are prison programs that force the inmate to renounce their gang affiliations and sign a written contract affirming their defection.These programs allow the prisoners to be released earlier, but they also force many inmates to become in effect(p) targets. (National Geogrpahic,2007) Inmates fear these programs because in order to graduate from the programs they are forced to relinquish the only identity they know. Prisons are their own culture in and of themselves. They vary from prison to prison and have been expound as small city with all the intricacies that come with one. They use their own form of language when communicating to each other and with those on the outside. The breaking of gang code is its own department within the FBI.They have even started using texting abbreviations within their codes. (Klivans,1) There are whole alphabets to the prison gang code and they also utilize their own form of sign language. Most of them use their tattoos to tell their stories and to inform other gang members of just where they belong within the hierarchy. They also most bare their gangs sign. Most prison gangs use tattoos simply because they look menacing and the guards cant remove them. The street gangs use bandanas or colors, which is nuzzle impossible to replicate within a prison. National Geographic,2007) We have implemented multiple prison programs from education to religion. One of the interesting ones described in the documentary The Dhamma Brothers is a 10 day program that a group of inmates many of which that are on death row are withdrawn from the rest of prison population and are instructed in the practices of Bu ddhism. They were not so much instructed on the religious practices and beliefs, but on the deep meditating practices that help them point and deal with emotions. The prisons showed a remarkable struggle in both attitude and behavior after they experienced 10 days of complete silence and meditation. Kaikum,2008) other program started in Luther Luckett Correctional complex has focused on rehabilitating their inmates through education. One of their programs is called Shakespeare Behind Bars. This program was designed to get the inmates interested in classics and peradventure keep them out of trouble during the production of the plays. A group of inmates are allowed to produce plays by Shakespeare and perform them for the prison. They have an instructor that helps them learn to act and gip their lines.The interviews reveal that although the individuals within the program are minimum security that they feel a sense of accomplishment and wish continue their education. One in crabbe d graduated from college and was paroled in 2006. (Rogerson,2005) What we have to realize though for these individuals to graduate they first had to overcome their gang ties, rules, and culture. Also, survive any hits if their exit causes bad blood. They will still bare the gang tattoos and scars mental and physical. A backward step in prison system programs is the re-institution of chain gangs. Alabama re-instituted chain gangs in 1990.There are not as bad as the ones that were shut down and out lawed in many states, but there is still the humiliation of walking virtually in public with chains binding your feet. The males are less cumbersome since their feet are chained together with about 2 feet of slack, but females in Arizona are literary chained together with about 5 to 6 in a group. Arizona re-institutionalized chain gangs in 1996 in Estrella Correctional Facility near Phoenix. The Alabama chain gangs are forced to work in fields and clean-up crews. While working they are sur rounded by guards and dogs watching for any sign of escape.Many of the inmates feel that the chains are not necessary that no one can escape between the dogs and guards. The cruelest of the punishments given out within the chain gang system was the hitching post. If an inmate refused to work they would be hand cuffed to a metal pole in the middle of the front lawn of the prison for 24 hours. This practice was considered to be a violation of the inmates civil rights and terminated in 1997. Because of the lack of results from this program Alabama quietly discontinued use of chain gangs in 1999. However in 2004, Maricopa County started a chain gang for juvenile offenders.Arizona was the first female chain gang and is still in use and has not had much as distant as results either. They clean the streets of Phoenix and trim trees. They very in offenses but the most dominate seems to be drug abuse or trafficking. Of the 6 people the documentary interviewed 3 returned to prison within a f ew months. (Irving,1999) Another form of punishment within the prison systems besides chain gangs and believably the most common is solitary confinement. This practice is being challenged as inhumane because of the possible psychological damage it can create within the inmates.Humans are social creatures and being locked up in a small cell with on human contact for possibly years is destructive to their psyche. A study done with mice shows that mice, who are locked up with no contact with other mice for just 2 weeks, show considerably different behavior. They will avoid open areas and become paranoid around other mice. (Yost,2010) Most inmates released from solitary confinement will return for bad behavior and almost immediately lash out at the guards or other inmates. They believe that solitary confinement decreases the inmates ability to control themselves. Yost,2010) Drug addiction, emotional damage, low education, and poor employment skills define the inmates and these disabili ties endanger the connection upon release, because they retreat to what will support them instead of that minimum wage job. That minimum wage job like flipping burgers at McDonalds is the only type of job an ex-con can get most of the time. They are going to look down at that job just as much a lawful citizens and the only difference is they wont stoop to that level, they will go back to the gang to support themselves and their family.They are also behind on the technology in some cases. Inmates that have been locked up for more than 5 years wont know how to run the newer computers and the idea of cell phone always in their sac is completely foreign to them. (Fleisher,2001,1,2)(Fleisher,2001,2,70) Fleisher and his colleagues have ideas of integrating the x-cons into the community upon release. He notes that the men who are sent to prison are individuals who were never fully integrated into our law-abiding society and upon release they simply go back to what they know, criminal beh avior.He believes that some things could be done within the community. If the community didnt hold their gang affiliations against the individuals when they are not active members then maybe they would not return to the gang. Forcing the individual to cut his ties to the only family he has ever known or to the only identity he has ever had makes them very uncertain of their place and makes it difficult for them to form a new one from scratch. Also, the implement of in-town treatment centers for them would also increase their ability and willingness to attend their sessions.Most treatment centers are too far for them to get to and having to pay to ride a bus clear across town is something they wont be willing to do, especially if they are working that minimum paying job. (Fleisher,2001,2,66-71) We have little hard data on the demographics of todays prison gangs and the nature and levels of prions gang-related disorder in American prisons. This lack of data is a serious impediment to making progress against a serious and growing problem. (Fleisher,2001,1,8) There has been a increase in both repeat offending, parole violators, sentence length, and lifers since the emergence of prison gangs.Most of the increases are above 30% during the 90s and have only averaged out instead of decreasing since. As of 1998 California and Texas had the largest prions populations even above the Federal Bureau of Prisons. Oklahoma was just behind Louisiana and Texas for highest incarceration rates per 100,000 state residents. (Fleisher,2001,2,67) There is a connection between gangs and vehemence. A study conducted by hindquarters Worrall and Robert Morris found that individuals who are members of a gang have more reports of misconduct, violence toward inmates, and violence towards guards. Worrall,430) To understand a gang or just a gang member, one would have to live where they live and grow up in the types of neighborhoods they grew up in. They join gangs for reasons and those rea sons are logical to them even though they are not to us. Joining a gang for them is probably much like joining the cheer squad, football team, or academic team would be to us. It is just what you do to be involved with a group that understands you and makes you feel wanted. Most of these kids probably just want the attention, which is why gangs are now using them to traffic their drugs.They dont receive the harder sentences as an adult would and are less suspect. (Morningstar,8) For the adults that are released from prison, there needs to be more than chain gang experience on their resume. They need the vocational and college classes to make it as well as a strong community support system that is not going to judge them. (Krienert,57) How do we get to the point that society doesnt judge an ex-con for his past crimes? I dont believe as a society we will ever make that change.A business owner will not take a chance on a gang or even a former gang member for fear that he / she will use that position to take advantage of the business and all its assets. As far as the rest of society is concerned about ex-cons in general is that it doesnt egress why you went to prison, you will never be trusted being a member of the community or the work force again. That being true for the thousands of ex-cons that cant get a job, or find livable housing, its a wonder why they go back to doing the only thing they are good at.Gang membership and repeat offenders go hand in hand when you put those two elements together, and force those people to live in the life of a career criminal. Bibliography Articles * Barnet, Arnold. 1987. Prison Populations A Projection Model. Operations Research. Vol. 35. No. 1. Pp. 18-34. http//www. jstor. org/stable/170907 * Carlson, Peter. 2001. Prison Interventions Evolving Strategies to Control Security Threat Groups. Corrections Management Quarterly. Jan. 2001. Vol. 5. thing 1. P. 10 * Davis, Mark and Flannery, Daniel. 2001. The Institutional Treatme nt of Gang Members.Corrections Management Quarterly Jan. 2001 Vol. 5. jazz 1. P. 32 * Drury, Alan and Delisi, Matt. 2008. Gang Kill An Exploratory Empirical Assessment of Gang Membership, Homicide Offending, and Prison Misconduct. Crime & Delinquency 2011 57130 http//cad. sagepub. com/content57/1/130 * Eckhart, Dan. 2001. Civil Actions Related to Prison Gangs A Survey of Federal Cases. Corrections Management Quarterly. Jan. 2001. Vol. 5. Issue 5. P59. * Fleisher. 1989. Warehousing Violence. Newbury Park, CA. Sage. * Fleisher and Decker. 2001. * 1. An Overview of The challenge of Prison Gangs.Corrections Management Quarterly Jan. 2001. Vol. 5. Issue 1. P1. * 2. Going Home, Staying Home Integrating Prison Gang Members into the Community. Corrections Management Quarterly Jan. 2001. Vol. 5. Issue 1. P65 * Klivans, G. S. 2012. Use of Texting Abbreviations in Gang Codes. American Jails. Mar/Apr 2012. Vol. 26. Issue 1. P 35-38. * Krienert, Jessie and Fleisher, Mark. 2001. Gang Membership as a Proxy for Social Deficiencies A determine of Nebraska Inamtes. Corrections Management Quarterly Jan. 2001. Vol. 5. Issue 1. P. 47 * Marchese, Joseph. 2009.Managing Gangs in a Correctional Facility What Wardens and Superintendents Need to Know. Corrections Today. Feb 2009. Vol. 71 Issue 1 p. 44-47 * Morningstar, Dennise. 1997. Prison Gangs, Norms, and Organizations. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organizaition 82 (2012) 96-109 * Phillips, Corretta. 2012. It Aint Nothing Like America with the Bloods and Crips. Gang Narratives Inside Two English Prisons. penalisation & Society 2012 1451. http//pun. sagepub. com/content/14/1/51 * Rhodes, Lorna. 2001. Toward an Anthropology of Prisons. Annual Review of Anthropology. Vol 30 (2001) pg. 5-83. Annual Reviews http//www. jstor. org/stable/3069209 * Sharbek, David. 2011. Special Needs Offenders. The Federal discriminative Center Bulletin. No. 12. October 1997. * Tachiki, Scott. 1995. Indeterminate Sentences in Supermax Prisons Based Up on Alleged Gang Affiliations A Reexamination of adjective Protection and a Proposal for Greater Procedural Requirements. California Law Review. Jul95 Vol. 83. Issue 4 pg. 1115-35 * Waterston, Alisse. 2005. The Story of My Story An Anthropology of Violence, Dispossession, and Diaspora. Anthropological quarterly, Volume 78, Number 1, Winter 2005, pp. 43-61.George Washington University Institute for Ethnographic Research * Worrall, John and Morris, Robert. 2012. Prison Gang Integration and Inmate Violence. Journal of Criminal Justice 40 (2012) 425-432 Documentaries * Irving, Xackery. 1999. American Chain Gang. * Kukura, Andrew and Philips, Jenny. 2008. The Dhamma Brothers. * National Geographic. 2007. National Geographic Aryan Brotherhood. National Geographic * Rogerson, Hank. 2005. Shakespeare Behind Bars. * Yost, Peter. 2010. Solitary Confinement. National Geographic. Websites Zimbardo, Philip G. 2012. The Stanford Prison Study. http//www. prisonexp. org/

8-Corporate Governance Practices in Emerging Markets: The Case of GCC Countries

Literature ReviewDifferent CG indices waste been con upstandinged in the literature, mostly depended on developed countries. But, very small fetch has been carried out on the developing and developing markets. An attempts is carried out to establish know how of the emerging markets of Asia Especially established in oil found GCC countries.A subaltern Interesting work has been carried out by two professional bodies Institutional Sh arholder Service (ISS) and Investors responsibility Research Center (IRRC). Both, ISS and IRRC provide a life-size CG database which offers a complex measure to analyses the overall Quality of a firms CG. In this area Important research i has been Done by La opening move et al. (1998), Klapper and Love (2002), Gompers Et al. (2003), De Toledo and Pillicer (2006), Brown Caylor (2006), Leal and Carvalhal-da-Silva (2005), Ananchotikul (2007), Garay and Gonzalez (2008), Daines et al., 2010Ibrahimpasic (2012) and Hassan (2012), are among others. A prelimi nary work CG was conducted By La Porta et al. (1998) to estimates the limits of that develops an anti-director rights Index to measure the degree of shareholder sentry duty a major Factor in CG in 49 countries around the world. The index is calculated to know the sum of six dummies that assume the value Of 1 if a given form of shareholder protection is present and 0 Otherwise.It is concluded that common natural law countries have powerful investor safety than civil law countries and that stronger investor protection is related to greater ownership Dispersion. Following the same lines, Klapper and Love (2002) constructed a weighted average CGI for 374 firms in 14 emerging countries on a scale of 0100. They conducted a firm level survey completed by Credit Lyonnais Securities Asia (CLSA) but with only six governance Components out of the 7 studied by CLSA to build the index.The factors studied are transparency, accountability, independence, management discipline, fairness and respon sibility. The study indicated that countries having poor legal systems, scored higher index in terms of CG and companies intending to smash in the market with the help of external credit have more chances of growth.To stick to better governance. Moreover, Klapper and Love that the countries listed in US stock markets shows good Governance. one(a) more renowned and mostly used CG index the G-Index was established by Gompers et al. (2003) for 1500 large firms amongst 1990 and 1998. They used un-weighted index to com coiffuree CGI reprocesses IRRC data as an every bit weighted sum of 24 Shareholders rights practices across five characteristics delay, safety, voting, state and others.The index assigns a value of 1 for every attribute that refuse shareholder rights and 0 Otherwise. Results shows that good governance has a positive Relationship with stock returns. In the same scenario, De Toledo and Pillicer (2006) established a governance chart for 97 nonfinancial unrestricted compan ies in Spain by maintaining a binary Scale. Based on 25 questions and the questionnaire prepared By Brown and Caylor (2006)Gompers et al. (2003) and Klapper and Love (2004) are considered to arrive at the CGI and Companies gain 25 are assume to portray high governance Standards. A study by Leal and Carvalhal-da-Silva (2005) on Brazil established another milepost in index prepa symmetryn related to emerging Countries. They prepared an un-weighted CGI for 131 firms listed in The Sao Paulo stock exchange from 1998 to 2002.Title11-Temporal Granger Causality and the Dynamics Relationship between Real Tourism put across, Real Income and Real Exchange Rates in MalaysiaLiterature ReviewThis study applies the bounds testing Approach, error-correction modeling and Persistence write to analyses the dynamic Relationship between substantial tourism good, Real income and satisfying exchange place in Malaysia. The study is covering sample period 1974 to 2009. determination of this study di sclosed that a long term relationship subsist in between the variables.In short term bumping are that no Granger former between actual income and real tourism receipts, while multiple causality in the long run. In addition it has been found that uni heedal causality running from real Exchange rates to real tourism receipts and Real income in both short- and long-run. The ultimate purpose of this study is to look the temporal Granger causality and dynamic relationship between real tourism receipts, real Income and real exchange rates in Malaysia for the period of 1974 to 2009. apply the bound testing approach and Granger causality Test in addition to variance decomposition, Impulse response function and Persistence profile analyses to strive the purpose of this study. Major finding are, the bounds testing Approach indicates the existence of a long-run Relationship between real exchange rates, real tourism receipts and real Income in Malaysia. Second, to enhance the robustness of conclusion, it engages three long-run estimators, Namely ARDL, DOLS and FMOLS to Estimate the long-run elasticitys.Real income and real exchange rates have a positive and monumental effect on real tourism Receipts in Malaysia. Third, the Granger causality Test is used to investigate the direction of Causality between the variables. In the short term, on that point is unidirectional Granger causality running from real exchange rates to real tourism Receipts and real income, but no Granger Causality between real tourism receipts and real Income.Therefore, in the long-run, we find bidirectional Granger causality verification in between real income and Real tourism receipts, but a Unidirectional Granger causality running from Real exchange rates to real tourism receipts and real income. Fourth, apart from using the Granger causality test, we consider variance Decomposition and impulse response function to find out the reaction of each variable either it is attributed to its own shock and to the shocks in other variables in the system.It is also called as the variable specific Shock. In describing shocks to real tourism Receipts in Malaysia, real income is more important than real exchange rates. Meantime, real exchange rates and Real tourism receipts are equally necessary in describing shocks to Real income. The urge reply of function disclose that shocks to real income and real exchange Rates have significant positive impacts on real tourism Receipts in the short- and long-term.Further, shock to real tourism receipts has a Positive effect on real income, while shock to real exchange rates has a negative effect on Real income in Malaysia. It is concluded that, persistence Profile showed that the real tourism receipts System is stable and valid as the profile Declines sharply towards the equilibrium within a period about three age after a system-wise shock. This affirms that the Trivariate co integrating system used in this Study is logical.For policy-making, we could mention at least two significant policy indications from the findings of this study. First, tourism is the long-term source for economic growth in Malaysia as the Granger Causality results propose that real income and real tourism receipts have bidirectional causality.Title12-Corporate ownership, governance and revenue enhancement avoidanceAn interactive effectsLiterature ReviewThe fact is that imposees deductions from the cash flows available to a firm, and therefore the dividends distributable to the shareholders, propose that firm owners would attempt to increase their wealth through various taxes to keep away from these Practices. Such types of advantages of enhanced cash flows from tax avoidance practices are ingenious with current Non-tax costs. This required the costs/benefits considering of such type of practices and the choice of tax avoidance if the interest outweigh the linked costs.Therefore, the benefits and the associated costs with somatic tax avoidance are discussed here. Prior to explanation, little awareness are provided on the meaning and measures of corporate Tax avoidance to give proper ground for the discussion in detail. The corporate tax avoidance lacks universal definition as it might connote different thing to different People (Hanlon Heitzman, 2010137).The reality is that there is significant tax impacts on all settlement of a Company, meant to enhance its profit, could account for such shortness of universal definition. , they have different definitions of corporate tax avoidance put up by researchers in present times (for a review of these definitions see Salihu, Sheikh Obid Annuar, 2013 Salihu 2014). Here, explain corporate tax avoidance as a decrease the clear cut corporate tax liabilities.This definition is in line with Hanlon and Heitzman (2010) It explains tax avoidance as a continuum of tax arrangements policies where something like municipal bond Investments are at one side (lower explicit tax, perfectly legal), Therefore , the terms Such as tax management tax readying tax aegising and tax aggressiveness are exchangeable used with tax Avoidance in the literature (see for instance Chen et al. 2010 Lanis and Richardson, 2011 2012 Minnick Noga, 2010 Tang Firth, 2011).Similar to its definition, there have been many ways of corporate tax avoidance used in the prior Literature. These ways are mainly depended on the estimates from the financial statements and could be categorized into three classes/groups. The first group adds those measures that examine the multitude of the gap between book and Taxable income. All these consist of total book-tax gap relaxation book-tax gap and tax-effect book-tax gap.The Second group has to take up with those establish the evaluate the proportional amount of taxes to business income. All these having effective tax rates (this comes in several variants like accounting ETR current ETR cash ETR Long-run cash ETR ETR differential ratio of income tax expense to operating cash flow ratio of cash taxes Paid to operating cash flow).The third group comprises other measures such as optional permanent differences (PERMIDIFF)/DTAX unrecognized tax benefits (UTB) and tax shelter estimates. Other than this plethora of measures of corporate tax avoidance used in the tax literature, its conforming aspect remains un-captured as most of the measures are computed based on items that are affected by accrual accounting Procedures.To this part, Hanlon and Heitzman (2010) proposed a measure for conforming tax avoidance as the Proportion of cash tax paid to operating cash flow. Salihu, Sheikh Obid and Annuar (2013) documented the significant difference of this measure from other similar measures. This study suggested the use this measure for the Empirical probe given the context of the study.

John Bunyan: The Pilgrim’s Progress

Bunyans Pilgrims Progress is considered one of most famous allegorical novels in English Literature. The falsehood is about Christians spiritual journey going through various phases of temptations and trials. Published in 1678, The Pilgrims Progress is an inspirational aid for applying an evangelistic view of Protestant Biblical to the trials in life.The value of The Pilgrims Progress to the puritans is extremely effective aid to applying an evangelical view of Protestant Biblical theology to the trials approach in humans life portrayed effectively through various images and allegorical characters. Through its images, allegorical characters (Christian, Evangelist, Help, etc), and allegorical places (City of Destruction = earth, aery City = heaven, Tophet = hell) Pilgrims Progress Bunyan effectively show readers about spiritual journey in Christianity.Allegories are very popular regarding that they are the simplest way to tame to and to confirm peoples belief system. An allegory is designed to illustrate a coherent doctrine, which exists outside the apologue. The important matters in allegory is not the adequacy, coherence, or consistency of the doctrine which is being illustrated in the story, however, it is how the words deals with the belief system.Everything in the story bears the point of reference to more specific aspect of the controlling doctrine, which the fiction is illustrating. Allegories do tend to be philosophical, also has its nature of affecting readers psychologically, and Bunyan has succeeded using this convenience to help the readers understanding the spiritual gloom. His success can be metric by its part of metaphorical personifications, which have entered the public vocabulary, as he used these encounters Slough of Despond, Apollyon, Giant Despair, and Ignorance.Thus we can conclude that Bunyan has been triumphant in playacting with images and allegory through out the novel effectively. Reference Henri Talon, John Bunyan The Man and His Works . Harvard University Press, 1951. Robert G. Collmer, Bunyan in Our Time . Kent State University Press, 1989. Vera Brittain, Valiant Pilgrim The Story of John Bunyan and Puritan England . Macmillan, 1950. Galen K. Johnson, The Portable Bunyan A Transnational History of the Pilgrims Progress . Christianity and Literature, (2005)

Military Essay

With over 12 years of civilian government, can anyone point to any tangible or credible development in our nation apart from the over inflated GSM services which was done by the Obasanjo government and only one or two state governors performing above par. The rest are just useless, this has been the case with every democratic dispensation right from the first republic. The first republic was slightly better, save some regions. The second, third and the watercourse crops are blatant rattling thieves in agbada and babariga. Shame on the lot of them. I prefer the military as least we know where we stand and how fara fashion we can misbehave.Most infrastructural developments in the country where done under the military regime e.g. the famous lagos-ibadan expressway Gowon, the plan was to make that expressway all the way to ilorin. lagos international airport (known now as MMIA) Gowon building of oil refineries Gowon 3rd Mainland bridge Babangida effective law & order Buhari dealing with foreign companies (e.g British Airways) Abacha translucent level exchange rate Abacha festac nigeria Obasanjo -operation feed the nation Obasanjo The list is endless, but our civilian governments have been just too merciless, taking jumbo pays and doing absolutely nothing. person can help us check, how many bills were passed last year, instead they are always eager or will fight if their allowances are being debated unfortunately and this is sad, we in Nigeria are not yet ripe or intellectually developed to operate a democratic government What is needed is a real tough no nonsense military ruler, who specialises in kicking backsides

Marriage in Pride and Prejudice

Marriage The Foundation of Happiness or Misery In at presents world, 50 percent of marriages stamp out in divorce. Although the other 50 percent of marriages dont end in divorce, not all those marriages ar considered an ideal marriage. The concept of an ideal marriage has changed as time has progressed. An ideal marriage in our time is a marriage base on making respect and family. Most societies have always had the same perspective of an ideal marriage during their time periods. However, in Jane Austen Pride and Prejudice, the author defies the view of the ideal marriage of her parliamentary procedure by giving her own perspective on an ideal marriage.In the time period of Pride and Prejudice, society viewed ideal marriage as one establish on financial stability and social equality. Although Jane Austens view of an ideal marriage overwhelms financial and social stability, love was a major factor as well. In the invention, Jane Austen writes about suitable marriages and co nflicting marriages. Although the marriages based on wealth and social class seems suitable through with(predicate) with(predicate) societys eyes, Jane Austen suggests those marriages to be unsuitable because of their lack of love and happiness.In the novel, many of the marriages reflect societys view of marriage as a business affair and these marriages be quite unsuitable. Although Mr. and Mrs. bennet have been married for 23 years, there is no mutual affection between them. Mr. Bennet married Mrs. Bennet because he was captivated by her jejuneness and beauty he married a fair sex whose weak understanding and illiberal mind had very early in their marriage put an end to all real affection for her (202). Mr. Bennet practically never communicates with his wife and when he does, he teases her for his own enjoyment.Their marriage was solely based on forcible attraction which has now faded away. Both of these characters were mismatched in personality and in social class. However, this couple isnt the only unsuitable marriage through Austens eyes. Mr. Collins and Charlotte are a couple that exhibits everything Jane Austen is against, which is a marriage solely based on financial and social security measures. Mr. Collins and Charlotte Lucas married distributively other just for their own personal gain. When Mr. Collins proposed, Miss Lucas, accepted him solely from the pure and disinterested desire of an establishment (106).Charlotte was 27 and single, her future didnt look great so marrying Mr. Collins was the best thing that could have happened. She is now set considering Mr. Collins character, connection and situation in life, she was convinced that her dislodge of happiness with him was as fair as roughly can boast on entering the marriage state (109). Mr. and Mrs. Collins arent really a couple based on love and happiness which is what Jane Austen considered suitable. She marries a man who is richer and socially higher than her. Although Mr. and Mrs.C ollins marriage was considered ideal by society, Jane Austen thought it to be unsuitable. Jane Austens ideal marriage is a marriage based on love and happiness but also the aspects of societys ideal marriage which includes financial and social stability. Mr. Bingley and Jane Bennet and Elizabeth Bennet and Mr. Darcy all exhibit the qualities of marriage that are considered suitable by Jane Austen. Mr. Bingley is an extremely wealthy modest man who never settle anyone and Jane is a quiet gentle woman who never thinks badly of anyone.Both these characters are matched perfectly and are one of the rare couples in the novel who genuinely love each other though their love seems very superficial. Although Jane and Mr. Bingley exhibit an ideal marriage, their love has no depth. Mr. Bingley doesnt seem to care about marrying a woman based on her social class or wealth. He believes love is more important than the match of social class in a marriage. This is seen when Mr. Darcy convinces Mr. Bingley that Jane doesnt actually love him and Bingley abandons Jane.Since love matters he doesnt want to be with someone who doesnt love him foul. However, they had an instant connection it was generally evident whenever they met he did admire her and to her it was equally evident that Jane was yielding to the preference which she had begun to entertain for him from the first, and was in a way to be very much in love(16). They are both in love, both happy, and are both financially secure, exhibiting an ideal marriage for Jane Austen. However there was a couple that was more ideal through Jane Austens eyes.Mr. Darcy and Elizabeth Bennet epitomize the ideal marriage for Jane Austen. At first, Mr. Darcy and Elizabeth disliked each other and had no initial attraction towards one another. However, as the novel progresses, their attraction for each other grows and soon they fall in love. Elizabeth isnt a woman who doesnt want to marry just for financial security or to be higher within t he social class. Her view of marriage is different than her friends Elizabeth had always felt that Charlottes opinion of matrimony was not simply like er own, but she could not have supposed it possible that when called into action, she would have sacrificed every better feeling to worldly advantage (110). Charlotte represents societys view of marriage in her time period which regarded marriage as a business affair. However, Elizabeth is one of the few characters to believe that marriage is based on love. Mr. Darcy is the wealthiest man in the novel and with that kind of wealth, he could marry anyone.However, he chooses Elizabeth who is part of a lower class than him proving that he wants to marry Elizabeth because he is in love with her. Mr. Darcy and Elizabeth are both physically attractive, intelligent, and they both love each other dearly. They are the ideal couple in Jane Austens eyes. Jane Austen suggests the marriages that are based on social class and wealth to be unsuitabl e although they seem ideal through societys eyes. Austen believed that a suitable marriage had to include love and happiness on top of financial security and social class.However, through societys eyes happiness in marriage was altogether a matter of chance (18). Although in todays world there are arranged marriages based on social class and wealth, most people in todays society believe marriage to be based on a foundation of love which links back to Austens belief of marriage. Although Jane believed that a suitable marriage had to include love, financial security and physical attraction, todays society believes a suitable marriage can be solely based on love for one another.

Proj

The cost totaled seven lives and millions of dollars. The disaster could have been subverted, however, if o only the several mechanical manoeuvers that had noniced an issue with the rings had stepped f award, despite administrative pressure to continue with the launch, and brought public eaten Zion to the problem. A multitude of separate such disarticulated of civil structures, technologies such as cars and trains, and even the batteries of computers and phones, capable of causing harmful explosions, all constitute infringements of peoples basic right to life, and thus presents a thole l and good dilemma.All engineers possess two at least two democratically knowledge of standard design processes and requirements, and the capacity to apply their knowledge toward nation the creation of novel technologies and innovations. These two things qualify as skilful pr property, which is an intangible item that is secured via the powers of reasoning of an individual (AH in 50).While clos e to engineers, such as professional engineers, are credited for their intellectual pr property, it is essential that all engineers credited thusly, even at the cost Of their implementer, as it pro totes their autonomy 2 and therefore creativity, lowers cost of procuring professional engineers to SE al and approve projects , and finally, holds engineers to the highest standard of ethical profess Somalis by exposing the promulgators of shoddy engineering to the scrutiny of the world at large. Companies, when hiring engineers to create technologies, often pressure the SE potential hires into signing binding agreements.These contracts force innovators to forfeit al I of their intellectual and creative output to companies. As Keith Warren, a licensed Professional E ginger, states, a technology company could take the rights Of an invention Of a baa rubber sauce if it so suits them (Warren). approximately would argue that this provides complete owner ship provides incentive to companies allow employees more creative license. The company can profit from any and all of their employee caprices either marketing the patent or investing in the barbeques productive capabilities it follows that they give more freedom to their novo dative members.Also, as Keith Warren, states, all clients and employers of engineers provide t he engineers with sources to bearing re count, so it would seem reasonable that engineers o offer in exchange the profit to be made of of their ideas and technologies (Warren). Engineers been fit in that they are not mandatory to go through an intensive eightieth licensing process to become e professional engineers (who are indeed held personally responsible for any flaw in their w ark, but not for an innovation), as the company will be held responsible for a problem that went unrecogni ezed by an employee.Finally, this discourages individuals from patenting or early(a)wise CLC aiming ideas that hey want the capabilities to fabricate it. This, as Koch States, causes an sills_Jew for companies and even other engineers by obligating them to verify the originality of their prod cut periodically throughout the design process using costly search engines, and even prevent Eng nigh technologies 3 from being commercially available, as they have been patented by small indeed pendents that refuse to yield their rights to the idea (327). Coercing creative engineers to remain silent about their ideas can stifle create pity and even hinder the process of innovation.On a individual level, the engineer receives I title to no credit for their contributions (Warren). While, as multiple ethical codes attest, engineers should be first accountable for actions that can impact public willingness as approval of t he commercial readiness of a technology, the recognition of their intellectual property should also apply to their own innovations and inventions (Code of Ethics). Enabling creators to claim t heir ideas incentives the creation of truly original products, for instance, the Apple com putter, the telescope, all created by individuals unattached to large firms.Breakthrough technologies often require extensive resources that sleepyhead individuals are unable to procure, so e engineers currently have two possessively an innovative design, patent it, and by default via pop assessing such legal power, hinder its production and bring in to society by firms with the resource s or become employed by a firm, attempting to create and fabricate such innovations while e be constricted by the firms own main objectives and directives (Koch 327).Further remorse, firms often keep breakthrough tech oenology a secret for a while, seeking a unleash time that will bring the most commercial gain due to market price level and other factors. This halts the pr ogress of technology. If instead engineers retained some creative rights to their products, while firm s with the resources hold reproductive rights, a mutually beneficial partner ship is available that en abeles maximum freedom for both(prenominal) parties. Firms are not constrained by a patent to the individual al, and engineers can produce intellectual property at will.The immediate profit of companies is not diminished. Corporate loss will occur only in the advanced autonomy of the engineer rest ensemble for 4 highhanded products, and possible competitive bids from other companies t o take on such a dynamic employee. This loss is overridden by the enhanced ability of corporate e entities to recognize such individuals and seek them for projects, and the government to employ such individuals for public projects that demand acuity in refining structures that c loud affect public welfare.The law mandates that companies mustiness obtain the approval of a Professional Engineer for any of their engineer and design projects in order for the project to become e eligible for rejection. (Warren). This sealing involves a PEP reviewing the designs, calculate ions, and technologies created by unlicensed engineers employed by an industrial .NET TTY.Because the majority of engineers that work for such entities are unlicensed, they are not r jugulate by the National Society of Engineers and state law to be held personally accountable for their evaluations of a work, and have not undergone the rigorous training for licenser (Warren , Ethical Codes). Thus, federal legislation mandates that a PEP check over a technology before it is released. This is a costly practice, and could easily be foregone if all engineers were inevitable to obtain at least basal licenser via a less vigorous process than PEP, but nonetheless remain regular De by a issue organization such as NSP.Finally, engineers should be directly credited for their intellectual OUtPUt in AP proving or disapproving civil projects. This prevents shoddy work from engineers employ De by large companies, that today have little to lose, blanketed by anonymity as they are underneath a large fi rms name, for small mistakes such the effect of a small ring deficiency, the t might build to a large and pervasive civil problem (Warren). Many engineers must battle with counterpoint sakeing allegiance to the public good and their melodramatically whew n bound by 5 agreements that prohibit their divergence in opinion from a company.Some ethical codes have intercourse this conflict, such as that Of the National Society Of Professional Engineers (Code of Ethics). However, ethical codes themselves, while meant to clarify a course o f action to take when such conflicts occur, often themselves conflict (Eligible and Davis 7 This dilemma is solved if companies cannot take direct credit for an engineers work, and en gingers intellectual property is in turn attributed to the engineer in question.Companies still poss. sees ownership of the idea of having the sole right to produce it within a fixed number of years, but acknowledge and even provide royalties to the creator of the technolo gy. Litton Engineering, a f roomer workplace of Keith Warrens, exemplifies this concept by providing ample royalties and eve n the ability to patent intellectual property to their employees (Warren). The Challenger Disc steer occurred after an engineer, appealing to an administrator with qualms concerning the rings, w as told to think like a manager, not an engineer (Eligible and Heinz 4).The engineer was a c annotator with NASA, instead of a PEP that would be held to scrutiny by the NAPES and the pull ICC for the oversight. Thus, no careers were necessarily imperiled by the disaster (Ware n). Notable failures of civic architecture such as bridge collapse can have be prevented if engineers careers are stake, instead of companys stock, which can recover more easily. The lack of some r ejaculating agency ND formalized code of ethics in those days could be partially attributed for the see problems (Christie 98).It is thereby essential that some depicted object agency, with a universal code of teeth CSS, regulate all registered and therefore employable engineers. By having a public and private e profile that promotes interest in innovation and accountability, engineers can benefit fro m recognition that they accrue through sound ethical and innovative practice, while being penal zed for malpractice. 6 The conflicting allegiances that engineers often face, to their sponsor, client o r company, and to heir own interior moral compass, will be eliminated, as the company is give Ted to maintain an open profile of all works.

Friedman Family Assessment Essay

The Friedman Family Assessment assists the nurse in assessing a family and establishing family nursing interferences. This tool allows the community nurse to assess the family system as a whole, as part of the whole society, and as an interaction system (Stanhope & Lancaster, 2008). This paper leave review a family that consists of a mother, stepfather, and select password.Identifying Data and Compositionsee to a greater extentwelcome speech for annual functionThe family name, summarizeress, and phone number is not disc dawdled in this paper in-order to protect the familys identity. The mother CD, who is 44, stepfather PD, who is 55 and her adopted son KD, who is 10 live in the home. The family socio-economic class is a low middle-class income family of three and the sons adopted father is still in the picture and has joint custody. CD and PD have been married only three years. They be Caucasian and speak the English language. CD is not cognisant of her ethnic background bec ause she was adopted. PD has a French descent. KD has an Asian descent. CD was previously married for 22 years. CD and her x-husband adopted KD at birth. This is PD low marriage. The family religious affiliation is Baptists they are members at a church 2 miles away from the home. CD is very involved in their church attending serve every Sunday and on Holy Days of Obligation. They live in a singlewide two bedrooms mobile approximately 25 years-of-age and station in a small community clout jet on the outskirts of town.The mobile home is completely paid for and solely owned by CD. CD makes a alive as a unit clerk at a local nursing home and is the breadwinner of the household. She excessively sells jewelry on the side. PD makes a surviving at a manufacturer plant that makes engines for lawn mowers, approximately 20 miles from home. Their eating, dressing, and health views are typically of a low middle-class household. CD lives week-by-week on herpaycheck, and she pays for every thing accepts the cat valium rent. PD is only responsible to pay the park rent with his paycheck. The household income is not a combined income to alleviate share the responsibility. CD states, she does not hunch over what PD does with his money. The family eats together usually at breakfast and dinner only scarcely in front of the television. They try to eat level-headed but sometimes with their busy schedule, they eat out to a greater extent than they eat in. Both CD and PD states, they do not drink or smoke and recollect that they are in good health, but look ats they have a cant problem.CD currently weighs 250 lbs. and is 66 inches she has a body mass index (BMI) of 30, which is fat according to the United States Department of Health and Human Services (2010). PD currently weighs 230 lbs. and is 72 inches he has a body mass index (BMI) of 32, which is fat according to the United States Department of Health and Human Services (2010). KD currently weighs 95 lbs. and 65.0 inches he has a body mass index (BMI) of 18.6, which is a healthy weight according to the United States Department of Health and Human Services (2010). The family states, they have a good appetite and have been trying to lose weight but find it sticky because of the day-to-day stressors they encounter.They believe they need more exercise in the lifestyle but cannot find the time to fit it into the perfunctory lives. They do get annual check-ups and follow-up with their medico as needed. CD and PD twain have a high school degree and KD is in the fifth grade at the local elementary school. CD likes to hang out with her son and is involved with her community church. PD likes to watch television and fix with his guy friends. KD likes to diddle video games and occasional play basketball with the neighborhood children and play with is pet dog, a miniature long hair Dotson name Jack.developmental Stage and History of FamilyThe CD is in her forties, and PD is in his fifties and acco rding to the Eriksons developmental stage, they are both in generativist versus stagnation. Harder (2009) so when were in this stage we often fear inactivity and meaninglessness (7). The son is 10 years-of-age and according to Eriksons development stage, he is in industry versus inferiority. During this stage, the son is capable of learning, creating, and developing new skills. In addition, he should be very social but iffeelings of inadequacy among his peers he may have problems with competence and self-consciousness (Harder, 2009). CD was born in America on August 11, 1965, was adopted by the age of eight. She recently has contacted with her biological father and keeps in-touch with him. Her biological fathers background is vague because he was also adopted at birth. CD does not know anything about her biological mother and prefers to keep it that way.CD states, she was abandoned along with her two younger brothers at a young age. CDs father was could not handle the children, bo th financial and stirred so he gave them up for adoption. CD and her younger brother were adopted together to an English-speaking American family in Colorado. A younger couple looking to adopt a spoil adopted CD baby brother at the age of one. CD states, her adopted parents were both very loving parents to them, and they had good religious upbringing. CD early marriage failed after 22 years and through this marriage, they adopted CDs niece infant son. KD who is 10, and he was born on March 5, 2001.CDs husband PD, was born in the East Coast of New Hampshire in 1956, and he has lived here his entire life. CD and PD lives in a trailer park and ripe barely makes ends meet. They both trifle but their income is not pulled together and shared to pay the bills. CD states, she pays for everything, whereas, PD is only responsible for park rent, but there has been time that he neglected to pay and CD had to pay the rent. CD is concerned where he spends his money, and although she loves hi m, he is not a match in this relationship.Environmental DataThe familys home was factory built-in 1986. As I drive up to their home, they have a paved path and storage shed adjacent to the trailer. There is no garage for their two vehicles they own. As you walk up to the home, they have a small deck at the front entrances. Once inside the front door you walk into an open concept kitchen, dining room, and living area. The bedrooms are at the end of the narrow vestibule and with one full size bathroom and a laundry-room adjacent to the bathroom. The home is heated by propane force-hot-air. There are smokes and carbon monoxide detectors located at both end of the home are functioning properly. Their home is very well maintained and presents a welcome home like feeling.The neighborhood is somewhat a loner community not actively withsocializing. Everyone keeps to himself or herself unless they have kids. There are 25 other well-maintained trailers and good landscaping in the park. The re are five families in the park that have children at the same age as KD, and the neighborhood children frequently get together to bike or play sports. There is a play park with basketball hoop, swings, and jungle bars for the neighborhood kids, so they can play and interact. Major grocery store is just one mile from the park, and the park is approximately five miles from downtown. CD states, she does not socialize with her neighbors but thinks that they are pleasant. The family believes that the neighborhood is safe and has a low criminal offence rate. The family spends most of their time with community service through their church.Family Structure and FunctionsI found during my interview with the family that communication patterns were not shared but was dominated by CD who was more out spoken than PD and KD. CD answered most of the interview questions but PD charmed in from time-to-time if he wanted to add more in-site to the questions or if the question were more pertaining to his background. KD was somewhat shy and clinks to his mother most of the time especially, when he was not feeling well. KD is well behaved and communicates with his parent with respected. KD gets along well with his stepfather there is no evidence of any behavioral issues in the relationship. KD sees his adopted father every other weekend, and he enjoys his visit with him. Both CD and PD do not believe in spanking as a form of punishment when KD needs discipline but believes in corner and or grounding him when its needed. CD states, she is the sole decision maker in the family. They do not have a joint bank account, PDs money is his, and CDs money is hers. CD manages and pays the bills, whereas PD is only responsible for the park rent.CD states, her employer has cut her hours from 40 to 32 hours, she is finding it difficult to keep up with the bills and being the main support of the family. She states, PD has not everlastingly paid the park rent so that leaves the burden on to he r. When I asked PD why CD is managing the household financials by herself, he did not want to discuss the matter. PD and CD share the responsibility in grooming the meals, cleaning the house, and taking care of the laundry. KD helps with care his room cleaned and takes out thetrash. PD is also responsible for mowing the grass and taking care of the yard. The family demonstrates reserved affective and assimilation functions. Their affection is demonstrated by helping each other with the household responsibility and taking care of KD. CD and PD shows affection with verbalization of I love you and a kiss. KD is close with his mother and hangs out with his step dad occasion.The family as hole respects each other and can express their concerns or issues to one another. The family takes their health care functions seriously. They receive routine health care check-up and believe in healthy eating but do not always practice it routinely. The family at present seems to be healthy and well developed they like to take frequent walks around the neighborhood as a form of exercise. CD is currently being treated for depression and for neck pain. She has a past medical history of asthma, arthritis, and hysterectomy at the age of 34 years-or-age, and she wears prescription render to drive.PD is currently being treated for GERD and hypertension. He is not always good about taking multivitamins and the last doctor visit was a year ago. Both CD and PD do not drink or smoke. CD and PD make sure that KD has regular health check-ups, along with keeping up his immunization shuts. Recently KD has developed constipation and stomach pain, he has been through testing, and his physician is not able to find anything medically wrong. KDs physician believes it could be related to the new stressors in his life regarding his adopted father and his new girlfriend.Family Stress and CopingAs talking to both CD and PD, they both demonstrate dealing with stressors in the household and at work. CD and PD are worried about KD and what is causing his feeling sick both emotional and physical at times. The family has seek both medical and psychological advice and getting KD the help, he needs dealing with his adopted father and his new girlfriend. CD is also dealing with several stressors at the present both at home and work. Her work-related stressor is that her hours have been cut back, and she does not know how she going to get all her work done in a short period.She believes her home-related stressor is she will not be able to financial support her family because of her decrease income and her x-husband has been laid-off so most presumable will not get child support for a while. PD stressor at home is not providing more of the financial support that he should. They believemost of the time they handle stressors well, by talking things through, but they admit there is some things they do not feel comfortable bring things up in-order to deal with them.Family breast feeding D iagnosisAs I looked at the information that I had gathered through Friedman Family Assessment, I found several opportunities that I could way on for a priority nursing diagnosis. However, I felt that the one that I could contribute more energy to is improving the family nutritional intake and change in the family activities to promote good health. The priority nursing diagnosis is imbalanced nutrition more than body requirements related to food intake that exceeds body needs, psychosocial factors, and socioeconomic status. The evidence is notable by the lack of exercise, family activities, excessive intake in relation to metabolic need and BMI indicates obesity for both parents and eating out more often than cooking meals at home.The second nursing diagnosis is interrupted family processes changes in mutual support related to modification in family finances. The evidence is noted by CD work hours decrease so she will be bring home less pay, PD not contributing to the household in come, and x-husband lose job and no longer will be able to provide child support. The third diagnosis is impaired parenting frequent illness related to KD get by with the stressor the potential of him feeling he is losing his adopted father who is in another relationship. The evidence is noted by KD complaining of stomach pain, nausea, and constipation.Community Health Nursing InterventionsThe interventions that the nurse will start with for this priority nursing diagnosis is ascertain previous dieting history. This will help the nurse and family determine, which diets and strategies used, results, and individuals frustrations, and factors interfering with his and her success. Another intervention is to implement and review a daily food diary. Both CD and PD are to keep a daily diet dairy for the attached two weeks to help determine what time they eat, what they eat, how much the eat, where they eat and why they are eating or reflect on their feelings at the time. This will help t he nurse understand CD and PD eating patterns with the when, what, how, and the why approach.The last nursing intervention is for the nurse to determine the CD and PD motivation for weight loss, by assessingwhy both want to lose weight. Weight loss is depended on what type of motivates CD and PD. Is the motivation related to health concerns, own satisfaction, and stool approval from others or from each other. The community nurse will be able to help families like this one by using assessment tools such(prenominal) as Friedman Family Assessment model. The tool is important to assess the family in-order to provide valuable information about the family to help complete the nursing process. The information collect will help the community nurse to focus on the family needs. In addition, to help the family develops objectives, goals, and intervention on how to achieve and maintain the goals along with making sure that the family has a positive outcome.ReferencesHarder, A.F. (2009). Erik erikson stages of development. Retrieved from http//www.learningplaceonline.com/stages/organize/Erikson.htm Stanhope, M., & Lancaster, J. (2008). Public health nursing Population-centered health care in the community, (7th ed.). Retrieved from the University of Phoenix eBook collection database.U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (2010). figure out your body mass index. Retrived from http//www.nhlbisupport.com/bmi/bmicalc.htm

Mother’s love Essay

No language stool express the power and beauty and heroism of a stimulates love. Who we argon to daylight. and who well be tomorrow all(a)ow be formed not by ourselves, as we would like to think, provided by the people around us, namely our friends and family. Possibly the biggest influence is our mother. As a child, she taught us everything from ply and clothing our self Judging situations and reacting tying our shoes being polite and being respectful to adults. Without my mother, I know I would be lost.To me, my mother is my security blanket. No matter how bad of a day she had, he go a course ever so be there with a shoulder to cry on and a sympathetic ear for me. Even If shes been screamed at all day by my siblings, she will blandness be eager to hear me squeal over my drama-filled young gossip. My mother could probably run a gossip column in the weekly paper on all the gossip and trivial intelligence operation she hears from me and my friends, whether it be about me, my friends, or that cute boy in my fourth-period class who smiled at me.My mom is my individualized miracle. Whenever something becomes too much for me, she Is there calming me down with bonnie a hug, or revenung me from hyperventilating by flndlng my snowboard in the open ln the first place I checked twice. She puts up with my mood swings, my constant chatter, and my continuous requests, and still manages to run a household beautifully. And she does this all with a smileeven when no adept assures convey you. scrams Day Is not a day where every cleaning lady who has given deliver should be treated special.It Is a day where every mother figurenanny, c ar progress tor, nurturer, grandmother, aunt, or even sometime(a) cousin are recognized for the marvellous job they do in influencing us to ecome who we are today. Mothers instill us how to love, cherish, and respect who we are, and what It takes for us to become the adults we will one day be. My mother is a winderful influence , and I can truly think of only one fault that she, and every other mother out there has She loves me too much. She loves me so much that I some clock resent her for not allow me make my own stupid decisions. Im afraid that one day I will end up screaming at her to leave me alone.I know almost every teenage boy does. And I know almost every teenage boy will feel flagitious afterwards, ut not know how to apologize. Well, take this chance to let your mom know that you truly are grateful for her wanting to be in your life, even if you dont always show it. This Mothers Day, do something special for your mom, even If its as small as making her eat in bed or cleaning your room without being asked. The gesture will be appreciated, and it will show your mom that no matter how obnoxious you can be, you will always love your florists chrysanthemum and all she does for you. When you knew how to speak, what was your first word?It Is Mom. We puddle grown up in the arms of our mothers. e op en grown up In the great love of our mothers. No one loves us Ilke our mothers no one is willing to sacrifice everything for us like our mothers. If someone asks you Who is the best woman in your life? I bet you will say it is your mother. And If someone asks me Ilke that, my answer also Is my mother. With me, my mother Is the best woman in the world. No one can commute her In my heart. I admire my mother, I dont know why she is always busy with daily chores, taking help of my family provided she never say she is tired.Every day, she is the first person in my family, I OF3 oes to work, I and my siblings go to school, my mother stays theme and does all the daily chores after that she does take care of home business. When my father, I and my siblings come home, there is always a delicious dinner, which is waiting for us. After the dinner, my mom washes the dishes. Sometimes, I ask her to help, but she says It is fine you should go upstairs and do your homework. Mom always wake up very early, and Mom is the eventually person can take a break after a busy day.I build that without my Mom, my father, I and my siblings cannot have the clean house, the elicious meal and the clothes which always iron straight. Mom gives me and my father all her love. She loves us more than herself. Her love for us is great like the ocean, the universe and nothing can replace it. She is not only my mom she is also my friends, my big sister, who I can share all my problems and stories in life with. When I am sad, happy or stressful, Mom is always by my side and comforts me. Sometimes, I get angry with my mom because she reminds me too much things, especially they are all things I know.Then, I realize that she Just wants me- her son to e good. Making my mother cry is the worst thing, but I did. Im a boy, and compete games is the most favorite things to do of boys. I contend games every day. Anytime, when I had free time, I played games, when I came home from school, I played gam es. I played until midnight I played until I was tired and slept on my desk. My mother knew it and she always told me to stop playing and focus on studying. I said yes to make her feel please and then I keep to play. When you play games, you just focus on that, you forget to study, that were what happened to me.My mother idnt know anything until my school had a parents conference. She was shocked when she saw my report. My grade was going down. She asked me why my grade went down, I was alleviate and looked at her. It seemed like my mother knew the reason why. She was quiet, stared at me and sigh. Suddenly, I saw tears from her eyes, she cried. She told me many times that I should not play games too much, I needed to focus on studying, but I ignore her advice. When she cried, I felt so sorry and guilty. I wasnt brave enough to look at her. Then I came to her slowly, hugged her and said l was sorry, mom.I knew that I had made a big mistake. I felt so sorry. Mom, please forgive me. I promised that I wouldnt do this again. I was so sorry. I made you cry. And she hugged me tight, she whispered How couldnt I forgive you? I was Just a little(a) disappointed, but I knew, you would know how to fix your mistake, I love you. I cried after she said that, Just a bit, but I did cry. Mom, you gave me everything but you never ask me to pay back. You are the best, the greatest woman in this world and in my heart. I love you forever. I am happy when I have you by my side to take care of e, to protect me and to give me your love.I am happy when I am your son. I told my mom that In the future. I would be a successful man in life and I can take care of myself and unlucky people. alone in my mothers eyes, I know that I am always her little son as I was. But God took her away from me I dont know why did God do that way? Perhaps theres someone who will do my moms things for me , I cant stop my tears rolling down on my face when I am intellection about my mom, where are you no w mom? , I know that theres nowhere else notwithstanding Heaven where my mom will be and be aiting for me coming over.My promises to my mom are to take care myself, do care and always love my wife to-be (Ms. Hoang Anh) and live with full of responsibilities for my children, taking care of my future children is my moms wish and always live with meaningful life to them . 1 wont be away because Im a son of the greatest mom in the world so I want everybody to know that my moms son will be perfect reflection of my mom. ahead you were conceived I wanted you, Before you were born I loved you, Before you were here an hour I would die for you, This is the miracle of Mothers Love.

Marketing Information System Essay

INTRODUCTIONmerchandising was the first functional area to exhibit an interest in MIS. soon after the MIS concept originated, marketers tailored it to their area and called it the MKIS ( trade INFORMATION SYSTEM). Early graphic models of MKISs provide a instauration for organizing all functional education systems. The MKIS consists of three input subsystems AIS, trade research, and marketing intelligence. The output subsystems address the nurture needs of the quaternary ingredients of the marketing mix (product, place promotion, and price), plus an integration of the four.SUMMARYFUNCTIONAL organizational STRUCTUREThe term organizational structure refers to how the people in an organization are grouped and to whom they report. bingle traditional way of organizing people is by function. Some common functions within an organization include production, marketing, valet de chambre resources and accounting.FUNCTIONAL INFORMATION SYSTEMSFIS also known as functional cultivation sys tem may be described as a computer program system which processes the daily informations such as TPS (Transaction Processing organisations).MARKETING PRINCIPLESOne definition states that marketing consists of individual and organizational activities that facilitate and speed matching exchange relationships in a dynamic purlieu through the creation, distribution, promotion, and pricing of goods, services and ideas.THE MARKETING MIXThe objective is to develop strategies that apply these resources to marketing the firms goods, services, and ideas. The marketing strategies consist of a mixture of ingredients called the merchandise Mix product, promotion, place, and price. They are known as the four Ps. Product is what the customer buys to satisfy a perceived want or need. A product can be a bodily good, some type of service, or an idea. Promotion is concerned with all the means of encouraging the sale of the product, including publicise and individualized selling. Place deal s with the means of physically distributing the product to the customer through a channel of distribution. legal injury consists of all the elements relating to what the customer pays for the product.EVOLUTION OF THE MARKETING INFORMATION SYSTEMS CONCEPTIn 1996 Professor Philip Kotler of Northwestern University utilise the term marketing nerve center to describe a new unit within marketing to gather and process marketing information. He identified the three types of marketing information. These are the following Marketing Intelligence information that flows into the firm from the environment. Internal Marketing Information information that is gathered within the firm. Marketing Communications information that flows from the firm outward to the environment.EARLY MARKETING MODELSBrien and Stafford were among the first modelers. Basing their design on the four Ps and emphasizing the development of strategic marketing programs. King and Celand stressed strategic planning whereas K otler, Montgomery, and urban, and Crissy and Mossman show decision support. These modeling efforts began in the 1960s and continued into the 1970s.MARKETING INFORMATION SYSTEM MODELIt consists of a combination of input and output subsystems connected by a database.Output SubsystemsEach output subsystems provides information intimately its part of the mix. * Product Subsystems provides information about the firms products. * Place Subsystems provides information about the firms distribution network. * Promotion Subsystems provides information about the firms advertising and personal selling activities. * Price Subsystems helps the manager make pricing decisions. * Integrated-Mix Subsystems which enables the manager to develop strategies that considers the combined effects of the ingredients.DatabaseA structured collection of data. The data that is used by the output subsystems comes from the database.Input Subsystems* Accounting Information System gathers data describing the firms marketing transactions. * Marketing Intelligence Subsystems gathers information from the firms environment that has a bearing on marketing operations. * Marketing Research Subsystems conducts special studies of marketing operations for the intention of learning customer needs and improving marketing efficiency.ACCOUNTING INFORMATION SYSTEMThe collection, storage and affect of financial and accounting data that is used by decision makers. An accounting information system is principally a computer-based method for tracking accounting activity in conjunction with information technology resources. The resulting statistical reports can be used internally by management or externally by early(a) interested parties including investors, creditors and tax authorities.Data for Preparation of Periodic ReportsA classic example of how marketing information can be provided by the AIS (Accounting Information System) is gross sales analysis. Sales Analysis is the study of the firms sales activit y in terms of which products are being sold, which customer are buying the products, and which sales representatives are selling them.Data for Preparation of Special ReportsThe vast majority of data that is used to oppose to managers database queries likely comes from the AIS, e.g. to prepare a sales analysis using 4GL.Data for Mathematical Models and Knowledge-Based SystemsA numeral model is a description of a system using mathematical concepts and language. The process of developing a mathematical model is termed mathematical modeling.